Conversation analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Conversation analysis - Assignment Example Line (16A) is an expressive. A apologizes for not being in a position to place the order, and gives an explanation. Thus, he performs a face-threatening act. Moves Line (6A) directs an effective move. B is compelled to work out the price immediately, the way it is stated. However, an interception sequence follows unexpectedly. Adjacency pairs Line (4B) is a question but it is not followed by an answer till the end. The question in line (6A) is answered in line (9B). The tag question in line (10A) is immediately followed by an affirmative in (11B). Another tag question in line (13A) is followed by an answer in line (14B). (11A) is an apology followed by minimizing through the word ‘Okay’, by the shopkeeper and rounding off the conversation. Politeness Principle The conversation begins with a note of politeness on the part of the customer in line (1A) B offers to work out the price in line (7B) and A thanks him for it in line (8A). Both have followed the politeness princip le. Very politely, A apologizes and expresses his regret for not being in a position to place the order immediately. His polite refusal ‘sorry’ in line (16A) is accepted with equal politeness by the shopkeeper with the single, simple word ’okay’ in line (17B). ... Maxims of relevance and quality are observed by both speakers. The situation made the customer rather hesitant, and he used some ‘er’s, ‘eh’ and ‘uhm’ during the discourse, just enough to get time to think (fillers) yet he maintained the continuous flow. Pauses There is a long pause in line (8A), about 10 seconds. This is a planned pause to allow the shopkeeper enough time to work out the price. Another small pause in line (12A) is filler, where the customer is indecisive and gives himself time to think before he makes a commitment. Slight pauses and repetitions and fillers are characteristic in the lines of the customer, (lines 5A, 6A, 12A, 15A and 16A ) which reveal that he was not prepared for the price, and is compelled to cancel his original intention of placing the order. Turn taking The initial part of the discourse proceeds smoothly, the speakers signaling end of speech and taking turns alternatively at appropriate places. After the reve lation of the price however, the customer fails to make an apt signal, and the shopkeeper is too quick in his response (line 11B). Here is an overlap but the shopkeeper quickly adjusts to it in line (14B). once again, taking his turn at the right place. Conclusion On the whole, this is a very trite, compact and brief conversation, where both participants stick to the point, and make it a

Different Power Factor Correction Engineering Essay

Different Power Factor Correction Engineering Essay Different power-factor correction methods are reviewed, as well as the back ground to the power-factor. Problem is arising in modern electrical distribution systems due to the connection of rapidly increasing numbers of non-linear electronic loads. The basic principles of harmonic generation and limitation in power systems are first discussed. The main part presents a critical review of commonly used power-factor correction techniques that have been identified in a literature review, and highlights the advantages and disadvantages of these techniques. After the analysis of methods and their working principles, the development of the most promising systems such as the boost-type PFC converters is considered. Finally, a project plan is proposed for the next phase of the dissertation work. This will involve investigating the operation, dynamic control and performance of the most promising systems by conducting a theoretical study and setting up and running a number of simulation models using the MATLAB/SIMULINK software tools. Key-words: Power factor correction, harmonic mitigation, PFC converters Contents List of Abbreviations and Principle Symbols Abbreviations: AC Alternating Current APF Active Power Filter CCM Continuous Conduction Mode DC Direct Current DCM Discontinuous Conduction Mode DF Distortion Factor FFT Fast-Fourier analysis IGBT Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor PF Power Factor PFC Power Factor Correction PWM Pulse Width Modulation RMS Root Mean Square THD Total Harmonic Distortion TDD Total Demand Distortion Principle Symbols: Power Factor Distortion Factor Displacement Factor h Harmonic contents RMS value of the line-current fundamental component RMS value of the line-current harmonic components Total RMS value of the line-current 1. Introduction It is now clearly visible from power systems journals and general literatures that power-factor correction is now an important research topic in the power systems area. As non-linear power electronic systems are increasingly being connected to power systems in greater quantities as well as capacities for such applications as power quality control, adjustable speed drives, uninterruptible power supplies, renewable energy-source interfacing, and so on [1] [2]. The power quality regulators of those systems are highly concerned now, because some of their drawbacks, such as harmonics generation and reduced power factor can spoil their advantages [3]. Power electronic systems are effective because their high efficiency and rapidly adjustable output. However, when processing and controlling the input electric energy suitable for users [4], power electronic systems often operate at a low power-factor, and that may cause serious problems to power system operators by reducing distribution comp onent RMS current capacity and to other users on the same network by distorting the sinusoidal supply voltage seen by other user connected at the same point of common coupling as a heavy electronic or power electronic load.. Of all power line disturbances, harmonics are probably the most serious one for power users because they exist under steady state conditions. This literature review considers harmonic generation prediction of power electronic systems and examines the effectiveness of harmonic mitigation methods. The boost-type power factor correction converters will be taken as the core power factor correction method for future research. The existing publications arising from research in this area and their conclusions have set a good foundation for this report. Results in this report will be based on a theoretical study and simulation studies using software MATLAB/SIMULINK power-factor correction system models which be developed. 2. Background This section provides discussion on the fundamental principles of power-factor correction, including definitions of power-factor terms and a consideration of the common standards which affect how harmonics controlled in power system. Also, the harmonic generation prediction of ideal power electronic systems is discussed at the end of this section 2.1 Important definitions and objective of power-factor correction The power factor (PF) is the ratio of the real power to the apparent power [5] and gives a measure of AC supply utilization on how efficient that the energy is supplied and can be converted into effective work output. The definition of power factor is as shown below: (2.1) In the definition, the value of the power factor is always between 0 and 1, and can be either inductive or capacitive. That means average power is always lower than apparent power. The reason is harmonic components and phase-displacement angle,. Hence, the power factor equivalent can be described as below: (2.2) is termed the (current) distortion factor (DF) and represent the harmonic components in the current and relative to wave shape [6]. DF is defined as the ratio of the fundamental current component to the RMS current value [4]. is termed the displacement factor and defined as the current and voltage waveform phase angle [6]. Displacement factor has unity value for in-phase current and voltage. The increase of displacement angle will cause larger reactive current in the power system [4]. Hence, the objective of power-factor correction is to decrease the current distortion or harmonic content and increase the displacement factor or bring the current in phase with the voltage. The closer power factor is to the unity value, the higher efficiency and lower energy loss. And the power system will operate at a lower supply voltage. Another commonly used index for measuring the harmonic content of a waveform applied for current distortion level is total harmonic distortion, THD. THD is the distortion current as a percentage of the fundamental current. The equation of THD is given by: or (2.3) In AC supply utilizations, power factor,, can be expressed in terms of THD and the displacement factor: (2.4) With these equations, it is easy to see that high THD leads to low power factor and even damaging of the power network. THD and power factor will be used together in the following work as important index in measuring performance of the harmonic mitigation techniques. 2.2 Effects and limitation of harmonic distortion on power system In any power conversion process, to get high efficiency and low power loss are important for two reasons: the cost of the wasted energy and the difficulty in removing the heat generated due to dissipated energy [4]. The performance of power output efficient is defined by several factors. The power factor and harmonic distortion are the most important ones. References [8] [9] show the main issues of harmonics within the power system include the possibility of them exciting series and parallel resonances which cause a further increase of harmonic levels, low efficiency caused in generation, transmission, and utilization of electric energy, increasing thermal losses in the electrical components and shortening their useful life and causing malfunction of motors and other components in the power system. Those effects can be divided into three general categories: Thermal stress, Insulation stress and Load disruption [10]. Those represent effects on increasing equipment losses and thermal losses, increased value of current drawn from the power system and insulation stress and failure to action and malfunction of some electrical devices and systems. The IEEE Standard 519-1992 recommended harmonic current limits with an additional factor, TDD. This is very same as THD except the distortion factor is expressed by load current instead of fundamental current magnitude [11]. Hence, the equation of TDD is given by: (2.5) Therefore, IEEE Standard 519-1992 limitation for harmonic current in power system expressed with TDD is shown below: Maximum harmonic current distortion in percent of Individual harmonic order (Odd harmonics) TDD 4.0 2.0 1.5 0.6 0.3 5.0 20 7.0 3.5 2.5 1.0 0.5 8.0 50 10.0 4.5 4.0 1.5 0.7 12.0 100 12.0 5.5 5.0 2.0 1.0 15.0 >1000 15.0 7.0 6.0 2.5 1.4 20.0 Even harmonics are limited to 25% of the odd harmonics limits above. Table 2.1 IEEE 519-1992 Standard for harmonic current limits [12]. Also, there are limitations for power system harmonic voltage and power factor regulation, like IEC 61000-3-2 standard. The methods for power factor correction should not cause disturbances for other aspects of performance. 2.3 Harmonics generation in power electronic systems Power electronic systems may naturally operate at low power-factor due to large harmonic generation and phase shifting in controlled devices like controlled rectifiers. Understanding characteristics of the harmonic current is essential for harmonic mitigation research. Based on the form on the two sides, converters can be divided into four categories [4] including: 1. AC to DC (rectifier) 2. DC to AC (inverter) 3. DC to DC 4. AC to AC Power electronic systems always draw high quality of low frequency harmonic current from the utility and hence cause problems for other users. Take an ideal single-phase diode bridge rectifier as example, the total harmonic distortion can be up to 48.43% [4] and the 3rd harmonic current can be as large as one third of the fundamental current. If a non-linear load is considered, the displacement factor will fall down from unity value and cause a decrease of power factor. This is surely over the harmonic standards limitation and needs to be corrected. Theoretically, Rectifiers and choppers output DC and draw a fundamental AC source current and large low frequency harmonic content. On the other hand, inverters output low frequency AC and supply fundamental current and harmonic content usually at higher frequency. Harmonic contents can be reduced by harmonic mitigation techniques and hence increase power factor. Take Fourier analysis result diagram of single-phase diode bridge rectifier and PWM control Buck converter as example. (a) (b) Figure 2.1 Fourier analysis diagram for input current of (a) single-phase diode bridge rectifier and (b) PWM control Buck converter. 2.4 Software tools for harmonic mitigation evaluation To filtering harmonic current in the power system, the frequency of harmonic contents is essential. However, in practice, the harmonic frequency is not absolutely equal to the theoretical value and that makes analysis of harmonic frequencies very difficult. The reason is stray inductance and capacitance in the system and reverse recovery time and forward voltage drop of non-ideal devices [1]. To analyze harmonic contents, appropriate software can be helpful. In this project, the software chosen to help analyzing harmonic current drawn by power electronic systems is MATLAB/SIMULINK. Taking the three-phase diode bridge rectifier as an example, a simulation model can be established as shown below. In the model, a three-phase 50Hz AC power supply is used for a resistive load and most devices are not ideal. The model is followed by the diagram of input current waveform and frequency spectrum of AC input current. Values of each order harmonic content and total THD are given by Fast-Fourier (FFT) analysis in powergui analysis tools. With the help of Fourier analysis, the performance of harmonic mitigation techniques can be evaluated and compared quickly. Figure 2.2 Simulation model for three-phase diode bridge rectifier. Figure 2.3 Waveform of rectifier input current (phase A). Figure 2.4 Frequency spectra of AC input current of three-phase rectifier. 3. Power Factor Correction Techniques After tens of years developing and improving, various types of power factor correction techniques or harmonic mitigation techniques can be chosen to solve power factor problem. Those techniques can be divided into five categories [11] [13] as shown below: 1. Passive filters Passive filters can improve power factor with low cost and reduce high frequency harmonics effectively. However, they are always in large size and cannot vary flexibly with system changes [4] [14]. If tuning reactors are not used, parallel resonance may occur in operation [15]. 2. Active filters Active filters improve power factor and provide stable output even under varying supply condition, and reduce harmonics in the output current effectively and efficiently [4] [16]. These, however, always requires much higher costs and the harmonic currents they injected may flow into other system components [13] [14]. 3. Hybrid systems Hybrid active filters combine active and passive filters together in various forms [17]. Hence they can reduce initial and running costs and improve performance of the filter [11] [13]. Smaller filter inductor, smaller dimension, light weight and better filter performance hybrid system take advantages of both passive and active filters [18]. However, the complexity of operation is the main drawback of hybrid systems. 4. Phase multiplication Increasing the pulse number of power converters can raise the lowest harmonic order generated by the converter [2]. Typically, 6-pulse converter has the lowest harmonic order of 5 [1]. When rising pulse number to 12, the lowest harmonic order can increase to 11. As value of harmonic current are ideally proportional to fundamental current value [4], the amount distortion of the power system can de reduce to a low level. On the other hand, the effectiveness of this technique is based on balanced load [13] which rarely happens in practice. 5. PWM PWM converters have much better performance compared to traditional converters like diode rectifiers and square-wave control inverters [4]. As a control strategy improvement, PWM harmonic mitigation technique can even used with some devices for traditional converters and hence get broad application prospect [11]. However, the topology complexity and difficult on designing controllers [19] makes the use of PWM is limited. The objective of these techniques is to make the input current nearly a pure sinusoidal waveform and hence to improve the power factor in electrical supply system. All these five techniques are discussed separately in the following work. 3.1 Passive filters Passive filters have widely been used to absorb harmonics generated by the power electronic systems, primarily due to their simplicity, low cost and high efficiency [20]. Passive filters are always consists inductors, capacitors and damping resistors [21]. The objective of the passive filter is to stop the flow of the harmonic current from disturbing power system, either by preventing them with the usage of series filters or diverting them to a shunt path [9] [11]. That is the different between series filter and shunt filter, too. Series filters can be tuned LC system or only a single inductor in the system. Parallel inductance and capacitance are tuned to provide low impedance for fundamental frequency current and high impedance for a selected frequency current, always high level harmonic current. The series tuned filters are simple and reliable to use. The circuit configuration can be shown as below. Figure 3.1 Series LC tuned filter. The series tuned filters are always used as input filter for power electronic systems. However, a big drawback limits the using. If the series tuned filter is used in a VSI system as the input filter for the inverter, several order harmonic current need to be filtered, 5th, 7th, and so on. Each order harmonic current required an individual filter, and hence the size of the system can be intolerable. On the other hand, shunt filter have much more types including shunt-tuned filter, double-band pass filter and 1st, 2nd and 3rd -order damped filters. Also, broadband filters are good solution for filtering wide range of harmonics [22]. The circuit configurations of these widely used passive filters are like shown below. (a) (b) (c) (d) Figure 3.2 Typical harmonic filters: (a) Single-tuned filter (b) Double tuned filter (c) High-pass parallel filter (d) C-type high-pass filter [5] [27]. A few single tuned filters cope with large level harmonic contents and a high-pass (2nd order) filter filtering high frequency harmonics is the typical model for shunt passive filters and can get better characteristic than series filters [24]. Take the single tuned filter as example, single-tuned filter also called the band-pass filter as only a selected frequency of current can pass in low impedance. The tuning frequency of the single-tuned filter could be: (3.1) And at this frequency, the impedance of the filter is: (3.2) where s is the Laplace operator, L represents value of inductance and C represents the capacitance value. However, mostly passive filters can only filtering 30% of harmonic current in the power system [23] and can not match IEEE 519-1992 standard well. Even the broadband filter, which can filter a range of harmonic contents and reduce system THD to approximately 10%, the resonance caused by the filter and the big size of inductor and capacitor still limit the usage of the filter. So we can get the list of advantages and disadvantages for passive filters shown in table 3.1. Advantages Disadvantages Effectively for filtering high frequency harmonics Low availability for low frequency harmonic filtering Very low cost and reliable Bulky devices and inflexible devices parameters Simple structure Individual branch is necessary for each dominant harmonics in the system High probability resonance Table 3.1 List of passive filter performances [4] [14] [25] [29]. 3.2 Active power filters (APF) The basic idea of an active filter is to compensate current or voltage disturbance so as to reduce the reactive power electronic systems drawn from the power system [23]. The active filters using in power system are not the same as what we use in electronic circuits. The active filters conventional means combined operational amplifiers and passive components like inductors and capacitors, and always been used in electronic circuits operating under low voltage. That is the beginning of the active compensation applications and came out earlier than active filters using in power systems. The active filters which are used in power system for active power compensation and harmonic compensation are always called Active Power Filter (APF) [30]. The active in APF means the filters are act as power sources or generators and provide compensation currents which have opposite phase angle with the harmonic currents in power system [30]. Similarity between electronic circuit active filters and pow er system active filters are the requirement of external power supply. The active filters which are talked in the following parts are all means APF. With the active power filters, the compensation for reactive power and for harmonic current can de done at the same time, hence efficiency on harmonic compensation and also dynamic response are all be improved [23]. The trend of active power filters began in 1970s and was introduced by Mr. Akagi. The incentive for active filters is the inductor is not appropriate to use under high frequency, so the trend is to replace the inductor with active components. As the harmonic contents in the power system various frequently, fast response of active filters required a good control strategy to make active filters smarter and faster. But more complex devices and sophisticated control strategy are required, that all makes active filters more expensive and hard to use [26]. Active filters can also be classified by converter type as shunt-type active filters and series-type active filters. The diagrams of two basic types of active filters are shown below. The other way to classify active filters is the phase number of filters which will be discussed later. (a) (b) Figure 3.3 Diagrams of (a) Shunt-type active filter and (b) Series-type active filter [11] [28]. Series active filters are good at compensate voltage harmonics and capacitive, voltage-source loads. When applied to an inductive or current-source load, a low impedance parallel branch is necessary. Similarly, shunt active filters are always used with inductive, current-source loads and high current distortion conditions. Sometimes over current condition occurs with the use of shunt-type active filters [31]. Typical working principle of the active power filter is: 1. Detection. The sensor detects the waveform of the instantaneous load current and feedback to the controller, which is typically a digital processing block. 2. Analysis. Load current is always high distortion current including fundamental current and many orders of harmonic current. The processor must distinguish the fundamental current with the harmonic currents and give out the information including frequency, value, and phase angle of harmonic contents, so as to control the power source inverter providing opposite phase current of harmonic current. 3. Compensation. The power source inverter draws current from individual DC voltage supply and converting to required current to cancel harmonic currents. Like the diagram shown below. Figure 3.4 Diagram of compensation characteristics [31]. Hence, we can draw a conclusion of advantages and disadvantages of active power filters shown in the table below. Advantages Disadvantages High compensation efficiency and high ability on harmonic compensation Low reliability with sophisticated control system and devices Small size components Difficult to construct a large rated current source with a rapid current Fast action on harmonic current variation makes good dynamic response High initial costs and running costs No resonance causing Complex control strategy and controllers are necessary Suitable for widely supply and load conditions, like unbalanced power supply Table 3.2 List of active power filter performances [13] [22] [30] [31]. 3.3 Hybrid systems Hybrid filters comes from the idea to combine the advantages of both passive filters and active filters together hence to get brilliant performance on harmonic mitigation [17]. Combine passive filters and active filters can significantly reduce costs and improve the compensation characteristics in the power system. Also, various types of hybrid systems of passive and active filters can get better performance than only passive or active filters. Like the reference [18] and [20], small rating active power filter and passive filter connected in serial or shunt type. Smaller filter inductor, smaller dimension, light weight and better filter performance hybrid system take advantages of both passive and active filters [18]. However, as the basement of the hybrid power filters are always active power filters, the initial costs and control complexity is still big disadvantages of hybrid systems. 3.4 Phase multiplication The purpose of phase multiplication is to increase the pulse number of the converter and hence to increase the harmonic order and frequency [4]. The low frequency harmonics can be mitigated effectively and phase multiplication technique does not cause serious resonance and other bad effects on power system performances [13]. The practical application of phase multiplication technique, the multipulse converters, have the ability to draw low distortion current from power source and generate DC current with low level ripple [32]. Typically, 6-pulse converter has the lowest harmonic order of 5 [1]. When rising pulse number to 12, the lowest harmonic order can increase to 11. As value of harmonic current are ideally proportional to fundamental current value [4], the amount distortion of the power system can de reduce to a low level. Also, the multipulse thyristor converters can output various value current by controlling the thyristor fairing angle () [32]. The drawbacks of phase multiplication technique are mostly the contradiction between the cost and output characteristic. If controlled output is required, the multipulse converter should contain at least 12 switching devices and that can be a big amount of costs. On the other hand, multipulse converter only use diodes may operate on low efficiency [11]. 3.5 PWM PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) is a modern control technique for power electronic systems. PWM converters have much better performance compared to traditional converters like diode rectifiers and square-wave control inverters [4]. Like the phase multiplication technique, PWM control can raise the frequency of harmonic contents of current so as to reduce the effect caused by harmonics. Also, converters using PWM control can have high efficiency and small size. With all these advantages, PWM control absorbed great concern in modern power conversion systems. However, the topology complexity and difficult on designing controllers [19] makes the use of PWM is limited. 3.6 Power factor correction converter Power factor correction (PFC) converter is a typical active power factor correction method. As a mature technique for power factor correction, PFC converters have been widely used in power electronic systems to achieve high power factor (PF) and low harmonic distortion [33]. PFC convener forces the input current follow the input voltage, which makes the input current drawn from power supply nearly in a unity power factor [34]. The Boost-type PFC converters are the most used topology which have many advantages, such as low level ripple in the input current, high power factor, small size and simple circuit structure [35]. A typical circuit diagram of Boost-type PFC converter is as shown below from reference [36]. Figure 3.5 Typical circuit diagram of Boost-type PFC converter [36]. As we seen in the diagram before, conventional PFC converter consists two main stages [33] [37]: Power factor correction stage. This stage is combined with a diode rectifier and a DC/DC converter and used to correct power factor of the input current drawn from the power system. The most used type of chopper is Boost chopper. Also, the new Buck and Cuk type PFC converters are increasingly being used now. The switching working principle can be divided into two types, DCM and CCM. 2. DC/DC converter The chopper here is used to convert the power output voltage and current match the users demand. Since choppers only drawn low distortion power from supply, the typical filter on the utilization end is always a passive filter. This is the working principle for conventional PFC converters, the two-stage DCM/CCM Boost-type PFC converter. However, this type of PFC converter has some disadvantages and need to be improved [33]-[39]: 1. Stage number Individual control system and switching devices are required for each stage of PFC converter, hence increasing the costs of the whole system and cause some other problems, such as power density, transmission efficiency and control response [38]. Also, the design of control system can be a challenge. A new one-stage PFC converter topology has been introduced to power factor correction research area. The circuit diagram is as shown in figure 3.6 [36]. The combination of the power factor correction converter and the forward converter may bring many advantages point as below [36]: 1. High power factor correction performance 2. Reduced value of ripple in the DC output 3. Low initial cost and running cost 4. High efficiency and easy control system And so on. Figure 3.6 Circuit diagram of single stage PFC converter [36]. 2. Converter type Like shown in figure 3.6, Buck converter is increasingly being used in PFC converters. Also, Cuk converter and other type of choppers are becoming good choice for PFC converters [36]-[39]. The Buck type PFC converter was rarely used since its high input current distortion. However, with the characteristic improving of the Buck type PFC converter, it can reach good performance with specific dual mode duty cycle control scheme [36]. The main advantage of Buck type PFC converter is easy to reduce the stage number to one stage. 3. Devices and control strategy One of the most important aims in the design of power electronic systems is the reduction of the size of the passive devices, since it allows increase on the power density and the reduction in the initial and running cost. As inductor and capacitor are still using in the PFC converter, the reduction of them can be very important [33] [37]. However, the improvement of devices must base on the developing of the control strategy [37]. With a good detect and control system, the size of the inductor and capacitor can be reduced while the harmonic content can still meet the requirement [33]. The further analysis and improvement of PFC converter based on this literature review will be an important work in the last stage of project. 4. Conclusion This literature review provides a critical study on power factor issues and power factor correction techniques. A theoretical review of power factor definitions and harmonic generation by power electronic systems are presented at the beginning of the paper. The performance of five basic types of harmonic mitigation techniques has been discussed with the support of many previous research publication and their results. The PFC converter is chosen as the promising system for power factor correction after the analysis and comparison. The simulation model establishment and simulation comparison of power factor correction techniques will be important works for the next period of the project. Also, design rules and guidance of PFC converters will be designed in the next period, too.

Duty and Change in Melville’s Bartleby Essay -- Philosophy, Rousseau

Natural philosophers of every century of human existence have asked what we owe to each other, society or government. In The Origin of Civil Society, Jean-Jacques Rousseau argued that the only natural form of duty is to one’s family, and all other obligations are based on agreement (57). Henry David Thoreau, in 1849, wrote in Resistance to Civil Government (sometimes known as Civil Disobedience), â€Å"it is not a man's duty, as a matter of course, to devote himself to the eradication of any, even the most enormous wrong; he may still properly have other concerns to engage him; but it is his duty, at least, to wash his hands of it, and, if he gives it no thought longer, not to give it practically his support† (143). This sort of conflict, which has accompanied all men at the great changes in society, is what drives conflict in Herman Melville’s Bartleby, the Scrivener. Melville, like the Byzantine architects, crafts a work of art that studies a microcosm of the macrocosm. That is to say, by looking at the relationship between two people, Melville is able to explore the larger context around them, specifically the radical change of society in the mid-19th century. Like Thoreau, Bartleby’s famous word, â€Å"I would prefer not to,† send a shockwave through contemporary expectations and give rise to how a person approaches a situation. Bartleby and Thoreau are both transcendentalists, and look to return to a Rousseauian state of nature. They have both arrived there after a journey of self-examination – most definitely in Thoreau’s case, and most probably in Bartleby’s – and their non-conformist attitudes raise questions of what is expected of people with regard to their duty to society and each other. Bartleby in particular makes the nameless... ...say that Bartleby did nothing, but passive resistance is a powerful tool, whereby laws have been changed and governments have topped. Thoreau wrote â€Å"[a] man has not everything to do, but something; and because he cannot do everything, it is not necessary that he should do something wrong [emphasis in original]† (145). Bartleby, by following in the transcendentalist’s footsteps, does nothing, and makes a profound statement by it. Perhaps it was fated that Bartleby must die in the manner he did. After all, the narrator consulted the eminent pre-destination theologians Priestley and Edwards, and admits to believing that Bartleby’s presence â€Å"had been all predestinated from eternity† and that â€Å"it was not for a mere mortal like [the narrator] to fathom† (167). Accepting the idea that Bartleby is a microcosm of the macrocosm, this would imply that change is inevitable.

How To Handle Information Essay

1.1 Identify legislation and codes of practice that relate to handling information in social care settings Data Protection Act 1998 – it gives rights to individuals in respect of personal data held about them. Freedom of Information Act 2000 – it gives you the right to ask any public sector organisation for all the recorded information they have on any subject. Employees Policies & Procedures – to make sure that all records that are kept in the office are put away in a locked secure cabinet or securely saved on the computer. Health and Social Care Act 2008 – it requires us to publish a code that sets out the practice we will follow in obtaining, handling, using and disclosing confidential personal information. 1.2 Explain how legal requirements and codes of practice inform practice in handling information Legal requirements give us guidance and support when it comes to storing and handling personal / confidential information about the service users. It helps us to store information correctly and safely. For example we use key safes every day and we have to make sure not to tell anyone the number combination. Worst thing you can do is to right down the number on your rota next to the service user’s name where the address is also given. 2.1 Explain how to maintain records that are up to date, complete, accurate and legible A good way of maintaining records is on a computer or in a file that can be kept confidential and kept up to date. Records should be updated each time the service user is reviewed. 2.2 Describe practices that ensure security when storing and accessing information Passwords on computers blocks unauthorised people from accessing records. Locked away in a filing cabinet with a key that only someone who is authorised to open it has the key. Not leaving notes everywhere in the office with information on them about the service users. 2.3 Describe features of manual and electronic information storage systems that help ensure security Records saved electronically can be protected by passwords. Some PC systems only allow access by authorised person signed in with their unique password. Some computers are not connected to the internet to avoid the risk of intervention. If the records are not saved electronically then these have to be locked away when not in use (lockable filing cabinets). 3.1 Explain how to support others to understand the need for secure handling of information Ensure that others understand the need for secure handling of information by completing induction training and shadowing. Make sure that they understand the importance of keeping records safe and not leaving them where anyone can read them. They have to understand what information they can share and what to report if something unusual happens to the service user. 3.2 Explain how to support others to understand and contribute to records The best way to support others is by shadowing, when a new carer spends a few days with a senior carer who has a lot of experience. The senior carer should take time explaining what to do before each visit and to ask the new carer to complete all care tasks by themselves. Of course they can ask questions and the senior carer can always stop them if they think they are not carrying out the tasks correctly. I personally do not believe in the method where the new carer is just watching the senior carer. The best way to learn is by doing it.

Actions vs thoughts Essay

Thoughts†¦they are the basis for our creativity and are what separate us from other animals. Without thinking, we are just mindless zombies living for the sole purpose of surviving. We do not act without putting some thought into it. Some say that thinking without an action is pointless, because it will accomplish nothing in the real world . But, that is not true. In mathematics, we connect problems and solve them all in our heads, and we can apply those problems in the real world. We have to think ,so that we are able to process what is happening around us and apply it to our situation. Thinking is what leads to actions, so obviously thinking is more important than just an action. Although, in most religions, you have to show your devotion by using your actions. Which helps prove the quote â€Å"Actions speak louder than words.† But, the actions that are significant enough to be noticed are based on the thoughts that went into creating it. People tend to retain what they learned when it’s hands on. They learn by doing rather than thinking. They want to learn from their mistakes , so that they understand how to apply it and correct that mistake. Kinesthetic learners is the definition for people who learn better by doing rather than thinking. So, in some instances, thinking it through and being rational and precise is more important than doing. But in other instances, we thrive inexplicably by just going with the flow and allowing your actions to speak louder than words to become more important than them.

Using the Different Forms of Pronouns

Using the Different Forms of Pronouns One of the basic parts of speech, a pronoun ​takes the place of a noun, often serving as a subject or an object in a sentence. Personal pronouns are important devices for making our writing both concise and coherent. A pronoun can be effective if we use an appropriate form (or case). Otherwise, it may distract or puzzle the reader. There are three common pronoun forms: subject pronouns, object pronouns, and possessive pronouns. We should try to be careful not to confuse one pronoun form with another. Subject Pronouns (Subjective Case) Subject pronouns are used as subjects of sentences and of subordinate clauses. The subject pronouns are italicized in the sentences below. I live for the summer. You remind me of a gray day in winter. He (or She or It) is heading for a fall. We are ready to spring into action. They never last longer than a season. Object Pronouns (Objective Case) Object pronouns are used as objects of verbs or of prepositions. The object pronouns are italicized in the sentences below. The sun never shines on me.Someday a planet will be named after you.Mona gave him (or her or it) a gold ribbon.She showed us the ring around the moon.The Coast Guard rescued them at dawn. Possessive Pronouns (Possessive Case) Possessive pronouns show who or what owns something. The possessive pronouns are italicized in the sentences below. My old guitar is in the pawn shop, but the drum set is still mine.* Your song was hard to understand, but I still enjoyed yours more than anyone elses. His (or Her or Its) music is too sweet, so we played hers (or his) instead. Our music may be old fashioned, but its still ours.The Simpsons left their children in the garage, but the McGraths took theirs home. Notice that you dont use an apostrophe with a possessive pronoun.  * Some grammarians make a distinction between possessive determiners (such as my in My old guitar) and possessive pronouns (such as mine in the drum set is still mine. Practice in Using Correct Pronoun Forms These exercises will give you practice in using the different forms of pronouns clearly and correctly: Using the Different Forms of Pronouns: Practice Exercise 1Pronoun Exercise: Recasting a Paragraph With Pronouns

The History of Llamas and Alpacas in South America

The History of Llamas and Alpacas in South America The largest domesticated animals in South America are the camelids, quadruped animals which played a central role in the economic, social, and ritual lives of past Andean hunter-gatherers, herders, and farmers. Like domesticated quadrupeds in Europe and Asia, South American camelids were first hunted as prey before being domesticated. Unlike most of those domesticated quadrupeds, however, those wild ancestors are still living today. Four Camelids Four camels, or more precisely camelids, are recognized in South America today, two wild and two domesticated. The two wild forms, the larger guanaco (Lama guanicoe) and the daintier vicuà ±a (Vicugna vicugna) diverged from a common ancestor some two million years ago, an event unrelated to domestication. Genetic research indicates that the smaller alpaca (Lama pacos L.), is the domesticated version of the smaller wild form, the vicuà ±a; while the larger llama (Lama glama L) is the domesticated form of the larger guanaco. Physically, the line between llama and alpaca has been blurred as a result of deliberate hybridization between the two species over the last 35 years or so, but that hasnt stopped researchers from getting to the heart of the matter. All four of the camelids are grazers or browser-grazers, although they have different geographic distributions today and in the past. Historically and in the present, the camelids were all used for meat and fuel, as well as wool for clothing and a source of string for making  quipu and baskets. The Quechua (the state language of the Inca) word for dried camelid meat is charki, Spanish charqui, and the etymological progenitor of the English term jerky. Llama and Alpaca Domestication The earliest evidence for domestication of both llama and alpaca comes from archaeological sites located in the Puna region of the Peruvian Andes, at between ~4000–4900 meters (13,000–14,500 feet) above sea level. At Telarmachay Rockshelter, located 170 kilometers (105 miles) northeast of Lima, faunal evidence from the long-occupied site traces an evolution of human subsistence related to the camelids. The first hunters in the region (~9000–7200 years ago), lived on generalized hunting of guanaco, vicuà ±a and huemul deer. Between 7200–6000 years ago, they switched to specialized hunting of guanaco and vicuà ±a. Control of domesticated alpacas and llamas was in effect by 6000–5500 years ago, and a predominant herding economy based on llama and alpaca was established at Telarmachay by 5500 years ago. Evidence for domestication of llama and alpaca accepted by scholars include changes in dental morphology, the presence of fetal and neonatal camelids in archaeological deposits, and an increasing reliance on camelids indicated by the frequency of camelid remains in deposits. Wheeler has estimated that by 3800 years ago, the people at Telarmachay based 73% of their diet on camelids. Llama (Lama glama, Linnaeus 1758) The llama is the larger of the domestic camelids and resembles the guanaco in almost all aspects of behavior and morphology. Llama is the Quechua term for L. glama, which is known as qawra by Aymara speakers. Domesticated from the guanaco in the Peruvian Andes some 6000–7000 years ago, the llama was moved into lower elevations by 3,800 years ago, and by 1,400 years ago, they were kept in herds on the northern coasts of Peru and Ecuador. In particular, the Inca used llamas to move their imperial pack trains into southern Colombia and central Chile. Llamas range in height from 109–119 centimeters (43–47 inches) at the withers, and in weight from 130–180 kilograms (285–400 pounds). In the past, llamas were used as beasts of burden, as well as for meat, hides, and fuel from their dung. Llamas have upright ears, a leaner body, and less wooly legs than the alpacas. According to Spanish records, the Inca had a hereditary caste of herding specialists, who bred animals with specific colored pelts for sacrificing to different deities. Information on flock size and colors are believed to have been kept using the quipu. Herds were both individually-owned and communal. Alpaca (Lama pacos Linnaeus 1758) The alpaca is considerably smaller than the llama, and it most resembles the vicuà ±a in aspects of social organization and appearance. Alpacas range from 94–104 cm (37–41 in) in height and about 55–85 kg (120–190 lb) in weight. Archaeological evidence suggests that, like llamas, alpacas were domesticated first in the Puna highlands of central Peru about 6,000–7,000 years ago. Alpacas were first brought to lower elevations about 3,800 years ago and are in evidence at coastal locales by 900–1000 years ago. Their smaller size rules out their use as beasts of burden, but they have a fine fleece that is prized throughout the world for its delicate, light-weight, cashmere-like wool that comes in a range of colors from white, through fawn, brown, gray, and black. Ceremonial Role in South American Cultures Archaeological evidence suggests that both llamas and alpacas were part of a sacrificial rite in Chiribaya culture sites such as El Yaral, where naturally mummified animals were found buried beneath house floors. Evidence for their use in Chavà ­n culture sites such as Chavà ­n de Huntar is somewhat equivocal but seems likely. Archaeologist Nicolas Goepfert found that, among the Mochica at least, only domestic animals were part of sacrificial ceremonies. Kelly Knudson and colleagues studied camelid bones from Inca feasts at Tiwanaku in Bolivia and identified evidence that camelids consumed in the feasts were just as often from outside the Lake Titicaca region as local. Evidence that llama and alpaca were what made the extensive trade along the huge Inca road network possible has been known from historical references. Archaeologist Emma Pomeroy investigated the robusticity of human limb bones dated between 500–1450 CE from the site of San Pedro de Atacama in Chile and used that to identify traders involved in those camelid caravans, particularly after the collapse of Tiwanaku. Modern Alpaca and Llama Herds Quechua and Aymara-speaking herders today subdivide their herds into llama-like (llamawari or waritu) and alpaca-like (pacowari or wayki) animals, depending on physical appearance. Crossbreeding of the two has been attempted to increase the amount of alpaca fiber (higher quality), and fleece weight (a llama characteristics). The upshot has been to decrease the quality of alpaca fiber from a pre-conquest weight similar to cashmere to a thicker weight which fetches lower prices in international markets. Sources Chepstow-Lusty, Alex J. Agro-Pastoralism and Social Change in the Cuzco Heartland of Peru: A Brief History Using Environmental Proxies. Antiquity 85.328 (2011): 570–82. Print.Fehrens-Schmitz, Lars, et al. Climate Change Underlies Global Demographic, Genetic, and Cultural Transitions in Pre-Columbian Southern Peru. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111.26 (2014): 9443–8. Print.Garcà ­a, Marà ­a Elena. The Taste of Conquest: Colonialism, Cosmopolitics, and the Dark Side of Perus Gastronomic Boom. The Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology 18.3 (2013): 505–24. Print.Goepfert, Nicolas. The Llama and the Deer: Dietary and Symbolic Dualism in the Central Andes. Anthropozoologica 45.1 (2010): 25–45. Print.Grant, Jennifer. Of Hunting and Herding: Isotopic Evidence in Wild and Domesticated Camelids from the Southern Argentine Puna (2120–420 years BP). Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 11 (2017): 29–37. Print.Knud son, Kelly J., Kristin R. Gardella, and Jason Yaeger. Provisioning Inka Feasts at Tiwanaku, Bolivia: The Geographic Origins of Camelids in the Pumapunku Complex. Journal of Archaeological Science 39.2 (2012): 479–91. Print. Lopez, Gabriel E. J., and Federico Restifo. Middle Holocene Intensification and Domestication of Camelids in North Argentina, as Tracked by Zooarchaeology and Lithics. Antiquity 86.334 (2012): 1041–54. Print.Marà ­n, J. C., et al. Y-Chromosome and Mtdna Variation Confirms Independent Domestications and Directional Hybridization in South American Camelids. Animal Genetics 48.5 (2017): 591–95. Print.Pomeroy, Emma. Biomechanical Insights into Activity and Long Distance Trade in the South-Central Andes (AD  500–1450). Journal of Archaeological Science 40.8 (2013): 3129–40. Print.Russell, Grant. Determining South American Camelid Domestication through Skeletal Morphology. Rutgers University, 2017. Print.Smith, Scott C., and Maribel Pà ©rez Arias. From Bodies to Bones: Death and Mobility in the Lake Titicaca Basin, Bolivia. Antiquity 89.343 (2015): 106–21. Print.Valverde, Guido, et al. Ancient DNA Analysis Suggests Negligible Impact of the Wari Empire Expansion in Peru’s Central Coast During the Middle Horizon. PLoS ONE (2016). Print. Yacobaccio, Hugo D., and Bibiana L. Vil. A Model for Llama (Lama Glama Linnaeus, 1758) Domestication in the Southern Andes. Anthropozoologica 51.1 (2016): 5–13. Print.

How to Earn an Online Degree by Examination

How to Earn an Online Degree by Examination Several websites have popped up recently claiming that students can earn a degree by taking tests or get their bachelors  degree in less than a year. Is the information theyre selling a scam? Not necessarily.It is true that experienced students and good test-takers may be able to earn legitimate online degrees quickly and primarily through test-taking. However, it isnt easy and its not always the most fulfilling way to experience college. This information isnt a secret and you shouldnt feel obliged to take out your credit card for details that are publicly available from the colleges themselves. Heres what you need to know: How Can I Earn a Degree by Examination? In order to test your way to a degree, you cant just sign up for any program. When planning your next steps, you will need to be particularly cautious to avoid diploma mills with unethical practices - even listing a diploma mill degree on your resume is a crime in some states. There are several regionally accredited online colleges that are competency-based and offer flexible ways for students to earn credit. By enrolling in one of these legitimate online colleges, you may be able to earn the majority of your credits by proving your knowledge through taking tests rather than completing coursework. Why Should I Earn a Degree by Examination? Testing out of college is probably a better choice for experienced adult learners rather than incoming freshmen. It might be right for you if you have a lot of knowledge but are being held back in your career due to the lack of a degree. If you are coming right out of high school, this course may be particularly challenging as the tests tend to be difficult and do require a substantial amount of studying for students that are new to a topic. What Are the Drawbacks? Earning an online degree by taking tests has some major drawbacks. In particular, students miss out on what some consider are the most important aspects of the college experience. When you take a test instead of a class, you miss out on interacting with a professor, networking with your peers, and learning as a part of a community. Additionally, the required tests are challenging and the unstructured nature of studying alone can lead many students to simply give up. In order to be successful with this approach, students need to be particularly driven and disciplined. What Kinds of Tests Can I Take? The tests that you take will depend on your colleges requirements. You may end up taking university tests monitored online, university tests monitored at a designated testing location (such as a local library), or external tests. External tests such as the College-Level Exam Program (CLEP) can help you bypass courses in specialized subjects such as U.S. History, Marketing, or College Algebra. These tests can be taken with proctored supervision at a variety of locations. What Kinds of Colleges Accept Test Scores? Keep in mind that many earn a degree fast and test out of college advertisements are scams. When choosing to earn a degree primarily through examination, it is essential that you enroll in a legitimate, accredited online college. The widest form of accreditation is regional accreditation. Accreditation from the Distance Education Training Council (DETC) is also gaining traction. Regionally accredited programs that are well-known for awarding credit by exam include: Thomas Edison State College, Excelsior College, Charter Oak State College, and Western Governors University. Are Degrees-By-Examination Considered Legitimate? If you choose an accredited online college, your degree should be considered legitimate by employers and other educational institutions. There should be no difference between the degree you earn through proving your knowledge through test taking and the degree another online student earns through coursework.

Identify Musical Ideas Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Identify Musical Ideas - Assignment Example The tune provided as the first idea is quite soulful and soft. Upon listening the first musical idea, i.e. A, it can be determined that counter time of the music was at 7th second of the beginning of the idea. Again, at the end time of the idea, the counter time was in the 14th minute. Similarly, for the musical idea of B, the first counter time, which was at the beginning of the idea is at 6th second while the counter time for the later end was at the 14th second (Connect for Education, â€Å"The Concepts of Unity and Variety†). To understand the process better, the letter of musical notation can be considered to be from A to G with the pitch being in ascending order from A to G. The musical letter for A can be in the form of A  ¶ D  ¶ E  ¶ F  ¶ B  ¶ E  ¶ F  ¶ G  ¶ B  ¶ A. Again, the musical letter for idea B can be in the form of A  ¶ D  ¶ E  ¶ F  ¶ A  ¶ D  ¶ G  ¶ A. The order of the first idea started from a low high but ended on a high note. Idea A stated from 2nd second and ended at 13th second. For idea 2, the pattern was low to high and it ended with high as well. For idea B, the starting point was 30th second and the ending point was 43rd second. The composer used timbre, which involves the use of different instruments for making the song while dynamics was used to present diverse level of volume (Connect for Education, â€Å"The Concepts of Unity and Variety†). Thus, as can be apparently observed, the components of the chorus, â€Å"Here the Conquring Hero Com es† can be observed as based on the philosophies of unity and variety, consoling the minds and the persona of the listeners as expected from a rich music as

Unemployment in the UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Unemployment in the UK - Essay Example It is worthwhile to mention the fact that employment and business outlook aggravated in 2007 – 2008 after collapse of housing sector or property market and ‘bursting of speculative financial sector’ that resulted in financial difficulties and a credit crunch like situation. Indeed, the bankruptcies of various small and large financial institutions followed by closures of manufacturing and services sector organisations led to rapid surge in unemployment and economic contraction. In simple worlds, the aggregate demand and supply reduced that in turn resulted in a decrease in productive activities and new employment opportunities for general public. The weakness in economy, consumer buying power and real incomes also adversely impacted relatively strong sectors such as heavy machinery, engineering, arms, information technology, airline industry, electronics and others etc. because of fall in demand from all consumers. Hence, these strong sectors were unable to sustai n their business volume and cut down their employees thereby contributing in unemployment across UK. (Gregg and Wadsworth, 2010) Economists have provided an explanation that the weaknesses in financial system were actually the major reason behind UK economic collapse. Indeed, the dependence of consumers on plastic money (such as credit cards, debit, visa etc.) for spending and purchasing goods and services and decrease in circulation of monetary units is itself noxious for sustainable development and smooth functioning of the economy. Secondly, the role of financial institutions in subsequent growth of non-productive business sectors such as mutual funds, leasing, mortgage, securities and bonds obviously could benefit in short-term growth and expansion of money and financial markets. Indeed, contribution of manufacturing sector in Gross Domestic Product of United Kingdom is barely above 20% whereas services

Business accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

Business accounting - Essay Example The IASB’s present definition of reliability is: â€Å"Information has the quality of reliability when it is free from material error and bias and can be depended on by users to represent faithfully that which it either purports to represent or could reasonably be expected to represent† (IASB Framework, 1989, Para. 31). The IASB Framework is meant to help not only standard setters but at the same time it assists the preparers of financial statements to apply international financial accounting standards when they deal with topics on which measures have not yet been formulated, auditors to form their views with regard to the financial statements, and users to interpret information which the financial statements contains. All the above mentioned purposes of a financial statement will be better served only if the concepts are sound, all-inclusive, and internally coherent. The qualitative characteristics are the properties that make the information furnished in financial statements helpful to users. The four key qualitative characteristics are understandability, relevance, reliability and comparability. Of the mentioned qualitative characteristics, Relevance and faithful representation are basic qualitative characteristics and Comparability, verifiability, timeliness, and understandability are ornamental qualitative characteristics (Framework 24). A crucial feature of the information furnished in financial statements is that it has to be promptly apprehensible by users. For this reason it is assumed that users have a rational knowledge of business and economic actions and accounting and a temperament to analyse the information with sensible thoroughness. But certain information with regard to complex matters, just because they are difficult to understand by users cannot be excluded. Such information is important from the view of its significance to the

Drinking Age in the US regarding college students Essay

Drinking Age in the US regarding college students - Essay Example However, after 1984, the American government pressured the state governments to declare twenty-one to be the new legal limit for those who wished to consume alcohol (Trex). While their intentions were to curb destructive habits that were common even then among youthful drinkers, their reasoning that the youth were too young at eighteen years to consume alcohol responsibly was not rational. It is preposterous to state that 18 year olds cannot be trusted with alcohol if they are entrusted with the safety of their country as soldiers and also have the right to marry and procreate at eighteen (Wood). Eighteen year olds in America can be can tried as grown men and women in law courts, pay taxes, vote, serve on juries, drive, conclude financial contracts, and purchase weapons. Essentially, age cannot be used to determine whether or not a person will choose to drink responsibly. Even though there is a lot of media attention given to underage drinkers who become a nuisance to society, there is not much attention given to adult drinkers who exhibit the very same behaviors. In addition, the outlawing of a negative behavior may not necessarily change the way people view that particular behavior. For instance, posting speed limits in different places does not necessarily stop people from speeding. Raising or Lowering the Drinking Age Limit. Raising the Drinking Age Limit is only likely to increase the number of drinkers who can be referred to as under-age drinkers. It is also likely to cause young adults to start abusing other substances in greater numbers than was the case before. When drinking is presented as the one thing that people may not participate in, it starts being perceived as the ‘forbidden fruit’. This happens with people of all ages; whether they are adult or underage drinkers. A good example of this is the 1920s when drinking was prohibited in America. Rather than curbing drinking habits, this reality actually increased the numbers of people wh o turned to drink. In addition, crime families acquired great power due to the popularity of their alcohol producing rackets. If the legal age limit for drinking is raise, young adults who participate in drinking will turn more into binge drinking in an effort to consume all their existing stock, once they purchase it, so that they are not caught by the authorities with alcoholic drinks on their persons. Lowering the age limit can actually benefit communities that have been indoctrinated with the notion that beer is not some special substance that is only accessible to those of a certain age. All over the world, there are communities that take their daily meals with small doses of alcoholic wine. In the French and Spanish cultures, for instance, children are brought up consuming moderate amounts of alcohol with their parents at all mealtimes (Wood). While drunkenness is a taboo in these cultures, it is not even as big a problem as drunkenness is in places such as the United States w here wine is not often consumed during mealtimes. For people who are brought up around alcohol, and who have the chance to learn how to consume it in moderation from their parents, they do not perceive alcohol as a magic potent or poison. In addition, young adults in such societies do not encounter any extreme pressure to prove their maturity by engaging in overdrinking. This proves that perceiving alcohol consumption

ACCESS TO EDUCATION AS A WOMEN'S RIGHTS VIOLATION IN IRAN AND PAKISTAN Research Paper

ACCESS TO EDUCATION AS A WOMEN'S RIGHTS VIOLATION IN IRAN AND PAKISTAN - Research Paper Example citizens, three reasons can be perceived as standing paramount to human rights progress on education in Islamic countries: 1) The internal case of religion or the exercise of a particular aspect or type of Islamism. 2) The external case of orientalism or the policies and practice of the Western world that affect human rights outcomes in Arab regions; 3) The economy or particularly extractive industries, which are predominately male driven, on the region in terms of society and culture. By focusing the primary concern of the study towards the exploration of the availability of educational opportunities in Pakistan and Iran, the research aims to understand the male-dominated elements that thrive in these particular societies and how it has led to the oppression of women who reside in this part of the world. As stated previously, the assessment and analysis which has been conducted in this paper can be examined from three critical elements and theoretical perspectives which are that of 1) Islamism 2) orientalism and 3) economic considerations of the environment. From a scholarly point of view, the case of Islam and the rise of religious extremism in both Pakistan and Iran is an internal matter of the states because it establishes the foundations on which the nations’ constitution, judiciary and legal systems have come into being. In recent years, the rise of extremism in Pakistan which has led to the creation of various Taliban factions that strive to prohibit women from gaining education is demonstrated by the case of 16-year-old education activist, Malala Yousufzai who was shot by the Taliban in 2012 for raising her voice against their injustices which included the destruction of girls’ schools and colleges in Swat District. Indeed, many of the cultural elements and factions that thrive in Pakistan and Iran are based upon the inspirations of religious text but more so it is the interpretation of the text that is responsible for developing the social matters of

Teenagers and Parasocial Relationships Research Paper

Teenagers and Parasocial Relationships - Research Paper Example According to the report findings,  parasocial relationships refer to one-sided relationships in which one party knows more about the other party. For example, relationships between the general population and famous people such as members of parliament, celebrities, and news anchors. In parasocial scenarios, strong bonds are formed although one party is completely unaware of the other party. For example in the case of media, viewers may have strong bonds with media personalities yet the media personalities do not really have a social relationship with the viewers. In such a scenario the viewer feels that the media personalities are directly addressing them. Knowledge of parasocial relationships has come in handy to explain relationships between media users and media personalities. In this essay, I will describe the theory/concept of parasocial relationships and then illustrate it with an example from a perspective of media influence on teenagers.   This essay highlights that  parasocial relationships are generally based on illusions and influence is expected to develop with time since they heavily rely on recurrence. Parasocial relationships are considered to be one-sided because they only have effects on one party. For example, parasocial relationships do not have an influence on media personalities but rather on viewers only. However, the concept of parasocial relationships does not only apply to media communication but also in other aspects of life. For example, long before the exploration of the subject by Horton and Wohl, there existed parasocial relationships such as those between people and the gods. Little was known about the gods yet they had a great influence on people’s lives and shaped the day to day activities.

ACCESS TO EDUCATION AS A WOMEN'S RIGHTS VIOLATION IN IRAN AND PAKISTAN Research Paper

ACCESS TO EDUCATION AS A WOMEN'S RIGHTS VIOLATION IN IRAN AND PAKISTAN - Research Paper Example citizens, three reasons can be perceived as standing paramount to human rights progress on education in Islamic countries: 1) The internal case of religion or the exercise of a particular aspect or type of Islamism. 2) The external case of orientalism or the policies and practice of the Western world that affect human rights outcomes in Arab regions; 3) The economy or particularly extractive industries, which are predominately male driven, on the region in terms of society and culture. By focusing the primary concern of the study towards the exploration of the availability of educational opportunities in Pakistan and Iran, the research aims to understand the male-dominated elements that thrive in these particular societies and how it has led to the oppression of women who reside in this part of the world. As stated previously, the assessment and analysis which has been conducted in this paper can be examined from three critical elements and theoretical perspectives which are that of 1) Islamism 2) orientalism and 3) economic considerations of the environment. From a scholarly point of view, the case of Islam and the rise of religious extremism in both Pakistan and Iran is an internal matter of the states because it establishes the foundations on which the nations’ constitution, judiciary and legal systems have come into being. In recent years, the rise of extremism in Pakistan which has led to the creation of various Taliban factions that strive to prohibit women from gaining education is demonstrated by the case of 16-year-old education activist, Malala Yousufzai who was shot by the Taliban in 2012 for raising her voice against their injustices which included the destruction of girls’ schools and colleges in Swat District. Indeed, many of the cultural elements and factions that thrive in Pakistan and Iran are based upon the inspirations of religious text but more so it is the interpretation of the text that is responsible for developing the social matters of

How is the Marketing Concept and Its Implementation Responding to Essay

How is the Marketing Concept and Its Implementation Responding to Developments in the Macro-Environment - Essay Example According to the research findings marketing is mainly concerned with trade or exchange. The basic form of trade started when humankind started producing surplus. Humankind produced agricultural products and exchanged them with manufactured goods like earthenware or textiles. Such exchange brought about areas that promoted trade for instance, local markets and village fairs. The development of trade and marketing enabled individuals to specialize production of certain products and services to be traded in markets for ore products required. In the 18th century, the economy of UK changed during the early industrial revolution, leading to rise in industrial production and subsequent loss of dependence on agricultural products. Prior to the industrial revolution, the distribution and production of goods was mainly in small scale. Consequently, industrialization leads to a dramatic increase in productivity, because of technology development. As a result, enterprises enlarged, production i ncreased, and products became more standardized. Companies produced in large numbers for local, national and international markets. Factory systems grew leading to migration of people from rural homes to new and quickly expanding industrial cities and towns. Because of rapid developments during the industrial revolution periods, companies produced volumes more that the local economy could accommodate. Therefore, consumption spread over wider geographical distances, leading to loss of immediate contacts between the producers and the markets. A number of thinking entrepreneurs organized their business transactions in a (marketing oriented† way to deals with this problem, even though the terms â€Å"marketing orientation† or †marketing† were rare until the twentieth century, (Hult and Speh, 2010, p 45). For producers to manufacture products and services that would attract and sell in vastly scarce markets, they had to analyze, interpret and understand the wants and needs of consumers and product, which would appeal and fit in with the wants and needs of such consumers. The process of correlating the firm resources to the wants and needs of the market place is known as entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurs had to sense the requirements of the market in terms quality, prices and design, and later plan production and distribution strategies to meet efficient demands of consumers at a profit. Emergence of industrialization led to specialization and further division of labour, leading to increased productivity, which further reduced costs, and thus the products selling price. Consequently, the increase in work specialization led to increased desire for trade, (Kotler, Keller, Dubious and Marceau, 2006, p 105). Production in large scale led to marketing channels emerging to improve product distribution, and meet the effective demand for more goods by the vast markets. Such developments established essential foundations for the contemporary industrial economy that is still grounded on the critical concepts of exchange and trade. In the mid nineteenth century, Britain dominated the forces of the world economy. The main factor outlining Britain's industrial growth and development was the emergence of international trade. This was because, Britain was the first to secure raw materials supplies, and had a dominated the supply of manufactured products in the expense of underdeveloped nations that collectively formed the British Empire. Later, the United States and Germany emerged as competing industrials nations/powers. Even though United Kingdom experience stiff competition from the economically developing nations in the sectors of coal, steel and textile, British economy still dominated the economy till the first world war. Other countries generated more income that led to rise in effective demand for raw materials, goods and services. The United Kingdom total trade value increased although its international trad

Environmental impacts Essay Example for Free

Environmental impacts Essay Environmental impacts of fuel utilization include critical issues such as resource and pollutant issues. The analysis on quantifying the extent should include greenhouse gas emissions and its effect to the environment. Worldwide, the demand for biofuels has been increasing dramatically. With the fast depleting fossil fuels, current initiatives to attain energy sufficiency and sustainability is being pursued with biofuels as one of the alternatives, Moreover, the utilization of alternative fuels is being proposed to address current environmental issues on global warming. Studies on biofuels, specifically bioethanol and biodiesel showed promising results in reducing GHG emissions and in turn create a positive impact on the environment. Given the increasing demand for biofuels, benefits brought about by its utilization is expected to be significant specifically on the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. While there are issues on land use and energy balance for biofuels, extensive research should be conducted in order to identify the most viable biofuel feedstock as well as other aspects in its production and utilization. Introduction Biofuel refers to fuels made from biomass and primarily used for motive, thermal and power generation. The earliest experiences in combustion were with the utilization of solid biofuels for domestic needs. Later, liquid biofuels became equally valuable energy resources. Years before the discovery of petroleum, ethanol was already being used as lamp fuel. By 1860, distilleries in the United States of America produced at least 90 million gallons of alcohol per year for lighting. Vegetable oils were also found to be good home heating oils and engine fuels for stationary power systems. Rudolf Diesel has originally invented the diesel engine to run on vegetable oil specifically from peanut. Samuel Morey developed an engine that ran on ethanol and turpentine as early as 1826. Nikolaus Otto, the German inventor who is best known for his development of a modern internal combustion engine, used ethanol as the fuel in one of his engines in the year 1860. Henry Ford’s first automobile was fuelled by pure ethanol. He also fabricated the first flexible fuel vehicle (Model T in 1903) which is fuelled by either gasoline or ethanol or by a mixture of both. Cars and other vehicles, however, begun running on cheap crude oil or petroleum as soon as reserves were discovered in the United States of America. Nevertheless, biofuels remained important energy resources competing with imported oil in countries such as Germany and Great Britain up to the close of World War II. Biodiesel Biodiesel, classified as a renewable and biodegradable diesel fuel which is produced thru extraction of natural fats and oils. It can substantially reduce green house gas emission due to its low sulfur content. It is now commonly used in various parts of the world. Biodiesel can replace petroleum diesel in both the transport and non-transport applications. A shift in the utilization of alternative energy resources (including alternative fuels) will change the total demand for biodiesel as well as the level of utilization in specific applications. Bioethanol â€Å"Bioethanol is a high-octane, water-free alcohol produced from the fermentation of sugar or other converted biomass. In its purest form it is a colorless clear liquid with mild characteristic odor that boils at 78oC and freezes at 112oC† (www. doe. gov. ph). Ethanol burns more cleanly because it contains oxygen and has a high octane number, hence less carbon monoxide emissions and averts premature detonation. It burns slightly cooler, extending engine life, and promotes higher volumetric efficiency of the engine, thus, increases power. Adding ethanol to gasoline â€Å"oxygenates† the fuel so that it burns with less emissions. Most modern gasoline vehicles could operate on pure ethanol with a few basic engine modifications. â€Å"A 10% blend requires no engine modification while making a contribution to reducing emissions. Anything more than 10% requires engine modification† (www. doe. gov. ph). The other commercial blends are E15 (U. S. A. ), E20 (Brazil), E85 (Sweden and Minnesota), and E100 (used with 4% water in Brazil and Argentina). Fuel ethanol is primarily used for land transport as alternative to gasoline in spark-ignition engines. Other Biofuels The potentials of other alcohols such as methanol, propanol and butanol can be exhaustively explored for very specific future applications that can further increase the total amount of biofuel substitute to conventional fossil and fossil derived fuels. Methanol produced from biomass is not economically competitive at present. There is, however, an interesting possibility as alternative to hydrogen as fuel. Propanol and butanol can be produced by the action of microorganisms and enzymes. Butanol, particularly, is produced by fermentation in a process that can be modified for high net enegy gains. It has sufficiently similar characteristics with gasoline fuel such that there is high probability that it can be burned pure in existing commercial engines without modification and without any difficulty. There are other important biofuels such as biogas, charcoal, producer gas, etc. They can be processed and utilized in accordance with the provisions of existing laws, rules, regulations and standards. Studies are conducted in order that these important biofuels can be integrated into the biofuels program in a package for both energy and socio-economic objectives. Other First Generation Biofuels The most common First Generation Biofuel is biogas which is a product of anaerobic digestion of organic materials an example of which is methane from wastes. Both the gas and digestate can be used as fuel. The utilization is usually site specific because of the environmental implications of production. A number of big commercial farms are producing and using biogas from wastes for process heating and the generation of supplementary power. Another first generation biofuel is Charcoal which is the product of the carbonization of hydrocarbon materials including wastes. Producer gas is from the gasification of hydrocarbon feedstock. In the late seventies, this fuel was utilized as engine fuel. The gas was generated from small wood chips fed into a reactor mounted unto the vehicle. Second-generation Biofuels â€Å"Second generation biofuels are those from lignocellulosic biomass feedstock using advanced technical processes. Being currently developed are: BioHydrogen, Bio- dimethylether (Bio-DME), Biomethanol, dimethylfuran (DMF), High Temperature Upgrading (HTU) diesel, Fischer-Tropsch diesel, Mixed Alcohols† (http://www. export. gov). Biofuels, A Preferred Energy Source The earliest experiences in combustion were with the utilization of solid biofuels for domestic needs. Later, liquid biofuels became equally valuable energy resources. In the aftermath of the war, abundance of cheap crude oil from the Middle East brought about the reduced interest in biofuels. The oil crises of 1973 and 1979, however, brought about urgent need for extenders and substitutes, temporarily focusing attention on the indigenous and renewable biofuels. In view of the rising prices (Figure 1) as well as the uncertainty of supply of crude oil and the increasing greenhouse gas emissions, it is time for a major shift in the energy mix towards the use of cleaner indigenous renewable energy in the interest of energy security, the economy and the environment. The start of the present decade ushered in the realization that the era of cheap fossil fuels, particularly petroleum, is drawing to a close. Figure 2 shows the historical and projected petroleum contribution to the world energy mix. The rising oil prices shall persist not only because of depletion of reserves but also because of the continuing political instability in the Middle East. Developing countries shall soon find it difficult to compete for access. There is also the matter of worsening green house gas emissions from excessive burning of fossil fuels. Continuing dependence on crude oil, therefore, is disadvantageous in terms of national security, the economy and the environment. Figure 3 shows the projected greenhouse gases emissions from developed and developing countries based on historical human and natural emissions. In view of the rising prices as well as the uncertainty of supply of crude oil and the increasing greenhouse gas emissions, it is time for a major shift in the energy mix towards the use of cleaner indigenous renewable energy in the interest of energy security, the economy and the environment.

The True Message of Joy Luck Club and The Hundred Secret Senses Essay

The True Message of Joy Luck Club and The Hundred Secret Senses    Alice Walker calls Amy Tan's novel, The Joy Luck Club, "honest, moving, and beautifully courageous."   Publisher's Weekly describes the novel as "intensely poetic, startlingly imaginative and moving ... deceptively simple yet inherently dramatic."   Not only has Amy Tan's fiction been praised for its literary merit, but it also has been included in anthologies of multicultural literature for its portrayal of Chinese and Chinese-American culture.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, critics such as George Tseo vehemently disagree with these and other accolades, particularly regarding the cultural details of Tan's fiction and Mandarin Chinese dialogue.   "I take umbrage at Amy Tan's confused rendition of Mandarin not only because the true beauty of the language is obscured but because by doing so the Chinese culture is misrepresented."   He argues that Tan uses "phony" and "stereotypically wooden and metaphorical" Chinese dialogue, a one-sided over-emphasis on Chinese superstitious practices, and culturally implausible plots (339).     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sau-Ling Cynthia Wong, an associate professor of Asian-American studies at the University of Berkeley, corroborates Tseo's challenge of Tan's cultural accuracy.   Wong points out errors such as Tan's misuse of the term "tang jie" or "sugar sister" in The Hundred Secret Senses, Tan's third novel.   Not only has Tan confused the word "tang" with its Chinese homophone--which does not mean "sugar"--but she has ascribed a metaphorical use, meaning a friend as close as a sister, to a term which only refers to a blood relative in the Chinese kinship system (180-82).   Wong acknowledges that "errors of the 'sugar sister' type [lin... ...s. Ed. Harold Bloom. Philadelphia: Chelsea House, 1997. 85-7. Schell, Orville. Critical Extract. Asian-American Women Writers. Ed. Harold Bloom. Philadelphia: Chelsea House, 1997. 82-3. Shear, Walter. "Generational differences and the diaspora in The Joy Luck Club." Women Writers. 34.3 (Spring 1993): 193. Expanded Academic Index. Souris, Stephen. "'Only Two Kinds of Daughters:'" Inter- Monologue Dialogicity in The Joy Luck Club." Melus 19.2 (Summer 1994):99-123. Tan, Amy. The Joy Luck Club. New York: Ivy Books, 1989. --------- The Hundred Secret Senses. New York: Ivy Books, 1995. Willard, Nancy. Critical Extract. Asian-American Women Writers. Ed. Harold Bloom. Philadelphia: Chelsea House, 1997. 84-5. Xu, Ben. "Memory and the Ethnic Self: Reading Amy Tan's Joy Luck Club." Melus 19.1 (Spring 1994): 3-17.

Modest Proposal :: essays research papers

Swift’s Argument   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many different ways to write an argumentative paper. An argumentative paper is a paper designed to push a reader toward an idea or feeling an author evokes (Skywire 332). An author will try to make ludicrous ideas seem more appealing to the reader. â€Å"A Modest Proposal† is a great example of this technique.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Johnathan Swift, an Irish clergyman, wrote an argumentative paper to mock the English. Swift’s paper was an eating Irish babies. This would sound like a ludicrous idea, but Swift makes it seem like it would help the economy. He uses many of the basic argumentative techniques to support this idea.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This most obvious technique used by Swift was card stacking. He only talked about his side of the situation (Skywire 336). He made a baby seem like it would become a highly demanded dish. People around the world would pay dearly for it and the money would help Ireland’s economy (Swift 363-4). He never talked about the parent’s side. He hid how they would feel pain and heartache of a lost child. He keeps the reader’s mind thinking about the positive aspects, and never even touches on the negative ones. He even introduced slanting into his text.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Slanting is a writing technique that shows great approval or disapproval about a subject (Skywire 336). He made it seem that he loved the idea of eating a baby. It would be the new delicacy on all menus (Swift 364-5). With this opinion on the great demand for human flesh, he used a hasty generalization.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Swift made a hasty generalization by basing his knowledge that everyone would love human flesh on an incident on the island of Formosa (Swift 365). Swift learned through a native of Formosa that when a child was put to death, his body was sold as a â€Å"Prime dainty† (Swift 365-6). He said how even the prime minister of the state had bought a girl put to death because of treason (Swift 365-6). So he deducts that since they like it then the whole world will.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Swift built the readers up by using numbers and showing how kids are a pain and just get in the way (Swift 364-5). He even went as far as to say that the kids he proposes to eat are children of beggars that can’t afford them anyway (Swift 364-5). Modest Proposal :: essays research papers Swift’s Argument   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many different ways to write an argumentative paper. An argumentative paper is a paper designed to push a reader toward an idea or feeling an author evokes (Skywire 332). An author will try to make ludicrous ideas seem more appealing to the reader. â€Å"A Modest Proposal† is a great example of this technique.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Johnathan Swift, an Irish clergyman, wrote an argumentative paper to mock the English. Swift’s paper was an eating Irish babies. This would sound like a ludicrous idea, but Swift makes it seem like it would help the economy. He uses many of the basic argumentative techniques to support this idea.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This most obvious technique used by Swift was card stacking. He only talked about his side of the situation (Skywire 336). He made a baby seem like it would become a highly demanded dish. People around the world would pay dearly for it and the money would help Ireland’s economy (Swift 363-4). He never talked about the parent’s side. He hid how they would feel pain and heartache of a lost child. He keeps the reader’s mind thinking about the positive aspects, and never even touches on the negative ones. He even introduced slanting into his text.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Slanting is a writing technique that shows great approval or disapproval about a subject (Skywire 336). He made it seem that he loved the idea of eating a baby. It would be the new delicacy on all menus (Swift 364-5). With this opinion on the great demand for human flesh, he used a hasty generalization.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Swift made a hasty generalization by basing his knowledge that everyone would love human flesh on an incident on the island of Formosa (Swift 365). Swift learned through a native of Formosa that when a child was put to death, his body was sold as a â€Å"Prime dainty† (Swift 365-6). He said how even the prime minister of the state had bought a girl put to death because of treason (Swift 365-6). So he deducts that since they like it then the whole world will.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Swift built the readers up by using numbers and showing how kids are a pain and just get in the way (Swift 364-5). He even went as far as to say that the kids he proposes to eat are children of beggars that can’t afford them anyway (Swift 364-5).

HRM&D

Training and development activities begin when a new employee enters the organization usually in the form of employee orientation and skills training. Employee orientation is the process by which new employees learn important organizational values and norms, establish working relationships, and learn how to function within their Jobs. The HARD staff and hiring supervisor generally share the responsibility for designing the orientation process, conducting general orientation sessions, and beginning the initial skills training.Skills and technical training programs then narrow in scope to teach the new employee a particular skill or area of knowledge. Once new employees have become proficient in their Jobs, HARD activities should focus more on developmental activities specifically, coaching and counseling. In the coaching process, individuals are encouraged to accept responsibility for their actions, to address any work-related problems, and to achieve and to sustain superior performan ce.Coaching involves treating employees as partners in achieving both personal and organizational goals. Counseling techniques are used to help employees deal with personal problems that may address such issues as substance abuse, stress management smoking cessation, r fitness, nutrition, and weight control. HARD professionals are also responsible for coordinating management training and development programs to ensure that managers and supervisors have the knowledge and skills necessary to be effective in their positions.These programs include supervisory training, Job rotation, one-day seminars, or college and university courses. 1. 1. 2 Organization Development (DO) the well-being of its members through planned interventions that apply behavioral science concepts. DO emphasizes both macro and micro organizational changes: macro changes are intended to ultimately improve the effectiveness of the organization, whereas micro changes are directed at individuals, small groups and teams . The role of the HARD professional involved in an DO intervention is to function as a change agent.Facilitating change often requires consulting with and advising line managers on strategies that can be used to effect the desired change. The HARD professional may also become directly involved in carrying out the intervention strategy, such as facilitating a meeting of the employees responsible for planning and implementing the actual change process. 1. 1. 3 Career development Career development is an ongoing process by which individuals' progress through a rise of stages, each of which is characterizes by a relatively unique set of issues, themes, and tasks.Career development involves two distinct processes: career planning and career management. Career planning involves activities performed by an individual, often with the assistance of counselors and others, to assess his or her skills and abilities in order to establish a realistic career plan. Career management involves taking the necessary steps to achieve that plan, and generally focuses more on what the organization can do to foster employee career development. There is a throng relationship between career development and T activities. 1. Other HARD Roles and outputs for HARD Professionals HARD professionals perform nine distinct roles, which are described below: The HER strategic adviser consults strategic decision makers on HARD issues that directly affect the articulation of organization strategies and performance goals. The HER systems designer and developer assist HER management in the design and development of HER systems that affect organization performance. The organization change agent advises management in the design and implementation of change strategies used in ransoming organizations.The organization design consultant advises management on work systems design and the efficient use of human resources. The learning program specialist (or instructional designer) identifies needs of the learn er, develops and designs appropriate learning programs, and prepares materials and other learning aids. The instructor/facilitator presents materials and leads and facilitates structured learning experiences. The individual development and career counselor assists individual employees in assessing their competencies and goals in order to develop.The performance consultant (or coach) advises line management on appropriate interventions designed to improve individual and group performance. The researcher assesses HARD practices and programs using appropriate statistical procedures to determine their overall effectiveness and communicates the results to the organization. Strategic management involves a set of managerial decisions and actions that are intended to provide a competitively superior fit with the external environment and enhance the long-run performance of the organization.It involves several distinct processes, including strategy formulation, strategy implementation, and co ntrol. In particular, HARD executives and professionals should demonstrate the strategic capability of HARD in three primary ways: 1 . First, HARD executives should contribute information, ideas, and recommendations during strategy formulation and ensure that the organization's HARD strategy is consistent with the overall strategy. 2.Second, HARD professionals should provide education and training programs that support effective strategic management. Training in strategic management concepts and methods can help line managers to develop a global perspective that is essential for managing in today's highly competitive environment. Finally, HARD professionals must ensure that all training efforts are clearly linked to the goals and strategies of the organization. 1. 4 Supervisor's Role in HARD Supervisors play a critical role in implementing many HARD programs and processes.Many organizations rely on line supervisors to implement HARD programs and processes such as orientation, traini ng, coaching, and career development. The HARD executive/manager has primary responsibility for all HARD activities. One of the important tasks of the HARD executive is to promote the value of HARD as a means of insuring that organizational members have the competencies to meet current and future Job demands. 1. 5 HARD process HARD programs and interventions can be used to address a wide range of issues and problems in an organization.They are used to orient and socialize new employees into the organization, provide skills and knowledge, and help individuals and groups become more effective. To ensure that these goals are achieved, care must be given when designing and delivering HARD programs. Designing HARD intervention involves a process, which includes a four-step sequence: needs assessment, design, implementation, and evaluation. Needs Assessment phase HARD interventions are used to address some need or gap within the organization.A need can either be a current deficiency, such as poor employee performance, or a new challenge that demands a change in the way the organization operates. Employee performance. This information can be used to: Establish priorities for expending HARD efforts Define specific training and HARD objectives Establish evaluation criteria. Design phase The second phase of training and HARD process involves designing the HARD program or intervention. The following activities are typically carried out during this phase:Selecting the specific objectives of the program Developing an appropriate lesson plan for the program Developing or acquiring the appropriate materials for the trainees to use Determining who will deliver the program Selecting the most appropriate method or methods to conduct the program Scheduling the program The design phase also involves selecting and developing the content of the program. This means choosing the most appropriate setting for the program (e. G. On the Job, in a classroom), and the materials to be used in delivering the program (workbooks). Implementation phaseThe goal of the assessment and design phases is to implement effective HARD programs or interventions. This means that the program or intervention must be delivered or implemented, using the most appropriate means or methods. Evaluation phase Program evaluation is the final phase in the training and HARD process. This is where the effectiveness of the HARD intervention is measured. Careful evaluation provides information on participants' reaction to the program, how much they learned, whether they use what they learned back on the Job, and whether the program improved the organization's effectiveness.This information allows managers to make better decisions about various aspects of the HARD effort, such as: Continuing to use a particular technique or vendor in future programs Offering a particular program in the future Budgeting and resource allocation Using some other HER or managerial approach to solve the problem It is im portant that HARD professionals provide evidence that HARD programs improve individual and organizational effectiveness. Armed with this information, HARD managers from other areas of the organization when discussing the effectiveness of their actions and competing for resources. Unit questions:Management development is one of the most common HARD activities. Although management development has been defined in many ways, the following definition best captures the essence of management development as it can and should be practiced in organizations: â€Å"an organization's conscious effort to provide its managers (and potential managers) with opportunities to learn, grow, and change, in hopes of producing over the long term a cadre of managers with the skills necessary to function effectively in that organization†. This Unit will address Management, Organizational as well as Career development in detail.